The New Israel, New Jerusalem

    

Is the Church the new Israel? This idea has been disparaged as "Replacement Theology." And how are we to understand the the term "New Jerusalem"? Is it Heaven? The Church? A literal city? All three? Fr. John Whiteford looks at the Scripture and patristic writings on the New Jerusalem.

St. Paul’s teaching in Romans 11 is clear that those Jews who rejected Christ are like branches cut off from the olive tree, which represents the people of God—and that gentile converts are like wild olive branches that have been grafted on to that same tree. The Church is the Israel of God (Galatians 6:16), the Israelites formed the Church of the Old Testament, but the New Testament Church is in continuity with the old. However, Romans 11 is equally clear that there is still a future in God’s providence for those who are the physical descendants of the Old Testament Israel, who rejected Christ and so have been cut off from the Church, but who will one day be saved. And so we do speak of the Church as the new Israel, but this does not mean there is no sense in which we can still speak of the Israel according to the flesh.

We do not accept the notion of some Protestants who teach that there is still a separate covenant for the Jews, and that they may be saved by the Old Covenant, while Christians are saved by the New. Nor do we believe that the descendants of those who rejected Christ have some special claim on the Holy Land that entitles them to steal land from Arab speaking Christians, many of whom are no doubt descended from those Jews that embraced Christ. Christians are children of Abraham in the truest sense, and as such are the true heirs of God’s promise to him:

Know ye therefore that they which are of faith, the same are the children of Abraham. And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto Abraham, saying, In thee shall all nations be blessed. So then they which be of faith are blessed with faithful Abraham(Gal. 3:7-9).

Because we do not equate the modern state of Israel with the Israel of the Old Testament, some Protestants attempt to argue that this constitutes anti-Semitism, but we reject this claim. Furthermore, I would argue that this abuse of the label of anti-Semitism in an attempt to defend even the most indefensible actions of the state of Israel only cheapens the term, and has the effect of providing greater credibility for real anti-Semitic voices.

As for the term “New Jerusalem,” we find this phrase in Revelation 21:2:

And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.

Here are examples of what the Fathers say this phrase means:

“The heavenly Jerusalem is the multitude of the saints who will come with the Lord, even as Zechariah said: Behold my Lord God will come, and all his saints with him [Zechariah 14:5 (Septuagint)].”[1]

“By Jerusalem he symbolized the blessed destiny and dwelling of the saints, which he figuratively calls Jerusalem both here and in the following passages[2]

“The city is constructed of the saints concerning whom it is written, Holy stones are rolled upon the land, [Zechariah 9:16 Septuagint] and it has Christ as its cornerstone. It is called a “city,” since it is the dwelling place of the kingly Trinity—for [the Trinity] dwells in it and walks in it, as he promised—and it is called “bride,” since it is joined to the Lord and is united with him in the highest, inseparable conjunction.”[3]

We find something similar in Hebrews 12:22 (But you have come to Mount Zion and to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem), as well as Galatians 4:26 (But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all). In context, both of these passages are contrasting the heavenly Jerusalem with the Old Covenant and those refusing to embrace the New Covenant.

And so, from these passages, and from what the Fathers say about them, I think we can say that the New Jerusalem refers to the Church, to all the saints in heaven, and to heaven itself.

[1] Apringius of Beja, Tractate on the Apocalypse 21:2, quoted in Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: New Testament, Vol. XII, William C Weinrich, ed. (Downers Grove, IL: Intervasity Press, 2005) p. 355.

[2] Oecumenius, Commentary on the Apocalypse, 20:13-21:2, quoted in Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: New Testament, Vol. XII, William C Weinrich, ed. (Downers Grove, IL: Intervasity Press, 2005) p. 355.

[3] St. Andrew of Caesarea, Commentary on the Apocalypse, 21:2, quoted in Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: New Testament, Vol. XII, William C Weinrich, ed. (Downers Grove, IL: Intervasity Press, 2005) p. 356.

See also
The New Covenant The New Covenant
Fr. Stavros Akrotirianakis
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Reading Beneath the Words Reading Beneath the Words
Fr. Stephen Freeman
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Fr. Stephen Freeman
The relationship between Old and New Testaments is much less straightforward than most people realize.
Why do Christians not Celebrate Jewish Feasts? Why do Christians not Celebrate Jewish Feasts? Why do Christians not Celebrate Jewish Feasts? Why do Christians not Celebrate Jewish Feasts?
The feasts of the Jewish liturgical calendar are biblical commemorations, either being commanded by God in the Bible to be observed or otherwise commemorating a biblical event. Why then do Christians not celebrate them?
Is the Orthodox Church “Supersessionist”? Is the Orthodox Church “Supersessionist”? Is the Orthodox Church “Supersessionist”? Is the Orthodox Church “Supersessionist”?
There are about 70,000-100,000 Russian Orthodox Israelis. Approximately 10 percent of the total Aliya from the former Soviet Union are of the Christian Orthodox faith. This makes the Orthodox Church by far the largest among the past several decades of Israeli immigrants.
On the Saints of the Old Testament On the Saints of the Old Testament
St. Gregory Palamas
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St. Gregory Palamas
Impossible to recount is Christ’s descent according to His divinity, but His ancestry according to His human nature can be traced, since He who deigned to become Son of Man in order to save mankind was the offspring of men. And it is this genealogy of His that two of the evangelists, Matthew and Luke, recorded.
Comments
Lenore April Arbaugh4/15/2024 4:59 am
Deborah Pendleton, I completely agree with you. When my husband and I were making a decision to convert to an ancient Church we visited the Orthodox and the Catholic Church. We did not choose the Orthodox . I love the Orthodox people that I am friends with, their intelligence, loving kindness, their warmth and close fellowship. When I have a theological question I always check to see the opinion of the Orthodox. However in the larger Orthodox Church I found a strong sense of superiority to every other Christian denomination, every other person of a different tradition and definite bias against the Jews.(And pretty fierce anti Catholicism also to which I say get over something that happened in the past and stop contributing more hate to the world). For example who in the world now speaks of "the people who killed (rejected) Christ? That reminds me of the old term "Christ Killer" that was used so often to justify violence against Jews. And it is also erroneous to think that anyone who still believes that in some mysterious fashion the Old Covenant exists still but as a precursor to the New, equates that Covenant as being made with the Secular Government of Israel. No no no. That is not the truth. It has to do with the Jewish People. Why this article may not be blatantly anti Semite, it is a theme that under girds all he is saying and definitely could inspire such. I could never support a Church that has historically persecuted Jews and also continues to in essence call them Christ Killer who have not right to Israel. Israel belongs to Christians , Muslims and Jews. I was shocked and grieved to see such beliefs coming out of a Church that I so admire. I left the evangelical church partly because of the exclusive club attitude that only they would be in Heaven. I find it in Orthodoxy also. Sadly disappointed. Lord have mercy!
Deborah Pendleton3/4/2024 8:23 am
It is supremely ironic that God chose the Jewish people as the conduit to bring Himself into the world, chose 12 Jewish apostles and mostly 70 Jewish disciples with a directive to go first to the children of the house of Israel only for the Jews to be castigated into worse than irrelevance. And because of the actions of a few in that generation of Christ. The Jews are demonized in a way the Hindus and Buddhists are not despite this deep historical connection. There is no sense of kindness toward the Jewish people that I can discern unless they abandon Judaism. It’s no wonder to me the Jews haven’t accepted Orthodoxy in the numbers you would hope. It’s a miracle any have accepted Orthodoxy at all. If I had known how antisemitism thrives within Orthodoxy it probably would have been a barrier. It’s embarrassing having to forewarn the Jewish friends who are open to hearing about Orthodoxy what they will encounter. And as far as Christians thinking they’re doing such a better job than the Jews were maybe a little fear of God and humility are in order.
Fr. John Whiteford12/21/2023 6:32 am
Stephen Gamble, how many Olive trees (the true Israel) does St. Paul tell us there are? Only one. Are Jews who reject Christ on that Olive Tree? No. Can they be added back on to that Olive Tree? Certainly. How? By embracing the Gospel and joining the Church. There is no other way. Christ is the Way, the Truth, and the Life.
Stephen Gamble12/8/2023 8:40 pm
What of the numerous promises in the Old Testament concerning the salvation of Israel? And Romans 11? You preach a supersessionist ideology which is an ancient heresy. God's covenent to Abraham and his descendants through Isaac is as relevant today as when God first made that covenant. God will not retract a word of His promise. Zachariah 12, verse 10 speaks of a future time when the Jews, living at Jerusalem (the earthly city that we see today) will behold God whom they have pierced: "And I will pour out upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jersualem, the spirit of grace and of supplications: and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn." (King James Bible).
Fr Thomas Frisby10/27/2023 7:40 pm
Dear Fr. John, thank you for this clear and concise explanation. This is a useful resource given the current conflict between the State of Israel and Hamas. Thank you!
Trevor 9/25/2022 2:00 pm
Hi, I am a full-time researcher and have released my own work recently, this is a "Whitehorse" moment and free gift of truths.. Truth prevails here, this will prove the cruelest discovery but liberation will follow. Kindest regards.
Paul V W7/14/2019 1:54 pm
In terms of inaugurated and consummated eschatology, what is now the church will then be the New Jerusalem.
Denise Smith7/20/2018 12:00 pm
Thanks a lot I understand now.
Tobias5/11/2016 12:25 am
We must also open our eyes and leave the illusion behind that Arab speaking Christians would be in control of the Holy Land if the modern state of Israel did not exist. Arab speaking Christians would be under the brutal control of an Islamic government and Sharia law. Christians would not truly own land, homes or be considered 1st class citizens under Islamic rule. They are stuck between a rock and a hard place. Convert, die or 2nd class citizenship under Islam...or suffer humiliation and strict Marshall law type conditions with a modern state of Israel because their Muslim neighbors like to murder people in the name of their god.

It is ironic that Western colonialism and the delusional idea that led to the creation of the modern state of Israel are probably the only reason that there is a remnant of Arab speaking Christians left and that the Holy Land Churches have not been converted to Mosques.
Leif Fjeldberg5/10/2016 7:06 pm


En meget fantastisk og lжrerik artikkel. Mе Herren

velsigne dere alle.
Seraphim 5/10/2016 12:54 am
A timely and fitting article here, Fr. John. Christ is Risen!
Leif Fjeldberg5/9/2016 8:06 pm
En meget fantastisk og lжrerik artikkel.
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